The Following Standards of Proof Are Listed from Least Demanding

question 12

Multiple Choice

The following standards of proof are listed from least demanding to most demanding:

• A) clear and convincing; preponderance of the evidence; beyond a reasonable doubt
• B) preponderance of the evidence; beyond a reasonable doubt; clear and convincing
• C) preponderance of the evidence; clear and convincing; beyond a reasonable doubt
• D) beyond a reasonable doubt; clear and convincing; preponderance of the evidence
• E) clear and convincing; beyond a reasonable doubt; preponderance of the evidence

---

Definitions:

Placebo Effect

A phenomenon in which a person experiences a perceived improvement in their condition due to their expectations or beliefs, rather than the effect of an active medical treatment.

False Treatment Interaction Effect

An erroneous conclusion that the effect of a treatment varies depending on different settings or groups, often due to methodological flaws.

Paradigm Effect

The phenomenon where existing beliefs or frameworks influence the interpretation of new information or experiences.

Time Sampling

A data collection technique that involves observing and recording behavior during predetermined intervals, offering insights into patterns over time.