Cyberwarfare Has Led to Debates About When Using Force in Retaliation

question 20

Multiple Choice

Cyberwarfare has led to debates about when using force in retaliation against a cyberattack is allowed under international law because

• A) cyberattacks are more dangerous than attacks with conventional weapons.
• B) cyberattacks do not target national infrastructures,and so retaliation is not justified.
• C) powerful states are not vulnerable to cyberattacks,so retaliation is not justified.
• D) the UN Charter only authorizes actions in self-defense if an "armed attack" has occurred.

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Definitions:

Repetitive Thinking

The process of continuously contemplating the same thoughts or problems without reaching a resolution.

Panic Attacks

Sudden episodes of intense fear or anxiety, which may include physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, or dizziness.

Racing Machines

Vehicles or devices designed and built for the purpose of racing, offering high performance in terms of speed and agility.

Breaking Windows

Breaking Windows refers to acts of vandalism where windows are deliberately smashed, often used metaphorically to discuss the impact of visible signs of disorder on community crime rates.