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A shortage exists in a market if
Probability Level
The threshold of significance, usually denoted as alpha (α), indicating the likelihood of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true.
Systematic Variance
The part of variance in a set of data that is attributable to identified sources or factors, as opposed to random or error variance.
Error Variance
Random variability in a set of scores that is not the result of the independent variable. Statistically, the variability of each score from its group mean.
Between-Groups Variance
captures the differences in means across different groups in an experiment, reflecting how much group members vary from each other overall.
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