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Figure 21-6. On the left-hand graph, MS represents the supply of money and MD represents the demand for money; on the right-hand graph, AD represents aggregate demand. The usual quantities are measured along the axes of both graphs.
-Refer to Figure 21-6. Suppose the multiplier is 5 and the government increases its purchases by $10 billion. Also, suppose the AD curve would shift from AD1 to AD2 if there were no crowding out; the AD curve actually shifts from AD1 to AD3 with crowding out. Also, suppose the horizontal distance between the curves AD1 and AD3 is $20 billion. The extent of crowding out, for any particular level of the price level, is
Biologically Determined
Characteristics or traits that are influenced by genetic factors rather than environmental conditions.
Ego Identity
A concept in psychology that refers to the coherent sense of self that develops through social interaction and becomes a central aspect of an individual's personality.
Maternal Identification
The process by which a child incorporates aspects of their mother (or primary caretaker's) behaviors, attributes, or attitudes into their own developing personality.
Psychological Distress
A state of emotional suffering characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and stress, often as a reaction to life situations.
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