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A direct challenge to the Byzantine emperor arose in the year 800 when the pope gave an imperial crown to the Frankish king,
Standard Scores
Scores that are derived from the raw data and standardized to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one, enabling comparison across different scales.
Z Scores
An index showing the variance of a specific value from the mean of a group, calculated through its number of standard deviations from the mean.
Probability
A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, defined on a scale from 0 to 1.
Confidence
The degree to which one can be certain about the accuracy of a result, often quantified in statistics through a confidence interval.
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