Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) Showed Different Groups of People

question 127

Multiple Choice

Researchers Darley and Gross (1983) showed different groups of people identical videotape footage of "Hannah," a girl who was said to come either from an impoverished background or from a wealthy background. They found that people stereotyped the girl as intellectually inferior when they were led to believe that she came from an impoverished background. However, this stereotype emerged only when participants saw footage of Hannah performing ambiguously on an oral exam. This finding is best explained by the concept of ____.

• A) stigma by association
• B) the confirmation bias
• C) the fundamental attribution error
• D) scapegoat theory

---

Definitions:

Efficient Communication

The exchange of information in a way that is effective and consumes the least amount of resources possible.

Minimum Cost

The least amount of financial expenditure required to achieve a particular objective, often essential for budgeting and financial planning.

Messenger

An individual or service that conveys messages or communicates information between parties.

Encoding

The process of converting information or data into a specific format for efficient processing, storage, or transmission.