Figure 3.14 
Alt text for Figure 3.14: In figure 3.14, a graph plotting intersecting demand and supply curves represents the change in equilibrium point in the apple market with the decrease in the price of a substitute fruit, orange and the increase in the wages of apple workers.
Long description for Figure 3.14: The x-axis is labelled, Quantity and the y-axis is labelled, Price.Curve D1 is a straight line which slopes down from the top left corner to the bottom right corner.Curve D2 is parallel with curve D1, but is plotted to the left.Curve S1 is a straight line which slopes up from the bottom right corner to the top left corner.Curve S2 is parallel to curve S1, but is plotted to the left.The 4 curves intersect at 4 points; A, B, on the right side of the lines, and C and D, on the left sides of the lines.
-Refer to Figure 3.14.The graph in this figure illustrates an initial competitive equilibrium in the market for apples at the intersection of D2 and S2 (point
Definitions:
Proxy Variable
An auxiliary variable used in statistical analyses to represent an unobservable or difficult-to-measure variable.
Confounding Variable
A variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association.
Cleanliness
The state of being free from dirt, pollutants, or other unwanted substances.
External Validity
Refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or applied to other settings, situations, or populations.
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