-In the above figure, a sales tax of $1 per unit imposed on sellers shifts the
Definitions:
Electron Transport Chain
A series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions, and the transfer of electrons is coupled with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane, which generates ATP.
Proton Pumping
The active transport of hydrogen ions (protons) across a membrane, often creating a gradient used for energy production in cells.
Intermembrane Space
The region between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts, involved in energy production.
Fermentation
A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen, utilized in food production and biofuel generation.
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