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Which of the following is an adverse supply shock?
R&D Expenditures
Money spent on research and development activities to innovate and improve products or processes.
Expected Return
The anticipated profit or loss from an investment, considering both the probability and the impact of all possible outcomes.
Cost of Funds
The interest rate that financial institutions and other lenders charge each other for the use of money, as in loans or deposits.
Income
The financial gain received by an individual or entity, typically measured on a per year basis, from work, investments, or other sources.
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