Which of the Following Is NOT Evidence That Smoking Causes

question 28

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT evidence that smoking causes lung cancer?

• A)Epidemiological rates of lung cancer dramatically increased after more people started to smoke.
• B)Exposure of lung cells to the active carcinogen found in cigarettes causes mutations in p53.
• C)Mutations in p53 are found in the same codons in patients with lung cancer who smoke as in cultured cells treated with benzo(a)pyrene.
• D)Epidemiological rates of lung cancer in women increased years after the rates in men increased.

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Definitions:

Framing

The act of constructing or presenting a concept, issue, or situation in a specific way to influence perception.

Cognitive Biases

Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, whereby inferences about other people and situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion.

Bounded Rationality

A concept that decision-makers are limited by the information they have, cognitive limitations, and finite time to make decisions.

Bounded Rationality

The concept that when individuals make decisions, their rationality is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.