What Are the Abnormalities in Cytokines Found in Children with Cystic

question 5

Multiple Choice

What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) ?

• A) A deficit of interleukin 1 (Il-1)and an excess of interleukin 4 (Il-4),interleukin 12 (Il-12),and interferon alpha (INF-a)
• B) A deficit of interleukin 6 (Il-6)and an excess of interleukin 2 (Il-2),interleukin 8 (Il-8),and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (CG-CSF)
• C) A deficit of interleukin 10 (Il-10)and an excess of interleukin 1 (Il-1),interleukin 8 (Il-8),and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)
• D) A deficit of interleukin 3 (Il-3)and an excess of interleukin 14 (Il-14),interleukin 24 (Il-24),and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

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Definitions:

Shape

The external form or appearance characteristic of someone or something; the outline of an area or figure.

Sensorimotor

Pertaining to the combined processes of sensory input and motor response; often related to the developmental stage in infants where they explore the world through their senses and actions.

Preoperational

Refers to the stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children aged 2 to 7 years old use symbols and language but do not yet understand mental operations or logical thinking.

Formal Operational

The fourth and final stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring from around age 12 and beyond, marked by the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically.