You and Your Fellow Deep-Sea Scientists Have Discovered a New

question 71

Essay

You and your fellow deep-sea scientists have discovered a new form of marine invertebrate, and are anxious to determine the similarities and differences to animals already characterized.Chemical analysis reveals the following concentrations of permeable cations:
$$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } \hline \text { [on } & \text { in] } \mathrm { mM } & \text { out] } \mathrm { mM } \\\hline \mathrm { Na } ^ { + } & 50 & 450 \\\hline \mathrm { K } ^ { + } & 420 & 20 \\\hline \mathrm { Mg } ^ { + + } & 10 & 60 \\\hline \mathrm { Cl } ^ { - } & 50 & 550 \\\hline\end{array}$$
Nernst equation: E_ion = 61/z × log [ion]_out/[ion]_in
-Control of the neuromuscular junction in this new invertebrate is found to involve dual innervation, where one motor neuron secretes an excitatory neurotransmitter and another secretes an inhibitory neurotransmitter onto the muscle.How does this compare to the human neuromuscular junction? Propose three different types of inhibitory receptors/channels that would produce inhibition of the invertebrate muscle, specifying ion and direction of ion flow.For each ion, calculate the equilibrium potential.What similarity do you notice in the equilibrium potentials of the ions involved, and how is that significant? How may inhibition be accomplished in human muscle?

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Definitions:

Stomach

A muscular hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many animals, where digestion of proteins begins.

Liver

The liver is a vital organ that plays a central role in metabolic processes including detoxification, producing plasma proteins, and secreting bile.

Pancreas

A glandular organ in the digestive and endocrine system that produces hormones and enzymes to aid in digestion and blood sugar regulation.

Chemical Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules through chemical reactions, mainly involving enzymes, in the digestive system.