Bowel and Bladder Control Involve Spinal Reflex Pathways That Are

question 48

Essay

Bowel and bladder control involve spinal reflex pathways that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord.In both instances, two sphincter muscles, an inner sphincter of smooth muscle and an outer sphincter of skeletal muscle, control the passage of waste out of the body.How would completely severing the spinal cord at the lumbar level affect an individual's bowel and bladder control?

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Definitions:

Enculturation

The process of socialization through which an individual acquires his or her native culture, mainly early in life.

Acculturation

The process of social influence by which a person partially or fully acquires a new cultural outlook, either by having contact with or living in a culture different from his or her culture of origin.

Socioeconomic Status

Socioeconomic status is a measure of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.

Complexity

The state of having multiple interconnected parts or elements, leading to a system or problem that is difficult to understand, predict, or navigate.