APatrick Is Snorkeling (Surface Swimming with a Tube in His

question 22

Essay

A.Patrick is snorkeling (surface swimming with a tube in his mouth to maintain breathing while his face is in the water).The snorkel tube is 40 cm in length and
1.2 cm in radius.How does this affect Patrick's breathing? Calculate the increase in relative resistance contributed by the snorkel tube.
B.What is dead space and how does that affect snorkeling? Explain your answer,assuming the snorkel tube is a round cylinder and cylinder volume is pr²L.How does the snorkel tube affect alveolar ventilation (assume a ventilation rate of 12 breaths/min,tidal volume of 500 mL,and normal dead space volume of 150 mL)? If normal alveolar ventilation is 4200 mL/min,how must Patrick breathe during snorkeling compared to normal?
C.Patrick loves snorkeling,but wishes he could go a little deeper.He decides to create a longer snorkel tube to try to achieve this desire.He isn't sure how radius figures in,so he makes two tubes of 60 cm length,one with a
1.2 cm radius and the other with a 2 cm radius.What are the relative resistances of these two new tubes? Do you think he will be able to snorkel well with either of these tubes? Explain.

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Definitions:

Lignin

A complex organic polymer found in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody and providing structural support.

Sclerenchyma

In plants, simple tissue composed of cells that die when mature; their tough walls structurally support plant parts. Includes fibers, sclereids.

Ground Tissue

A plant tissue system that makes up the bulk of most plants, involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support; includes parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

Plant Body

The physical structure of a plant, including roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures, which function together in growth, reproduction, and survival.