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How Can a Firm Have a Negative Valued Added,as Supposedly

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How can a firm have a negative valued added,as supposedly some state-owned businesses did in the former Soviet Union? What has to be true for value added to be negative?


Definitions:

Two-tailed Test

A statistical test that considers the possibility of both directions of effect (greater than or less than), assessing the significance of a deviation in either direction from a null hypothesis.

Sample Size

The number of observations or data points collected or used in a sample for analysis.

Lower Tail

The portion of a distribution of data or probability to the left of a specified value.

P-value

A measure in statistical hypothesis testing that helps determine the significance of the results.

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