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How Do Corporate Income Taxes Modify MM's Leverage Irrelevance Proposition

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How do corporate income taxes modify MM's leverage irrelevance proposition?
D. Future interest tax shields are usually valued by discounting at the borrowing rate rdebt. In the special case of permanent debt,
PV tax shield = Tc(rdebt × D)/rdebt = TcD


Definitions:

Real Rate

The interest rate adjusted for inflation, reflecting the real purchasing power of interest earnings.

Nominal Rate

The interest rate before adjusting for inflation, reflecting the percentage that is paid for the use of money.

Price Level

Refers to the average of the current prices of goods and services in the economy.

Interest

Payment received for the use of borrowed money, or the money paid for taking out a loan, often expressed as a percentage.

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