According to the Expectancy Theory, Which of the Following Is

question 94

Multiple Choice

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?

• A) Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.
• B) Managers promote instrumentality by ensuring that rewards are distributed to employees on the basis of their rank.
• C) Managers create low levels instrumentality when the distribution of outcomes available in an organization is performance-based.
• D) Managers create low levels of instrumentality when they link effort to performance.
• E) Managers promote low levels of instrumentality when they communicate to employees that high performance will lead to a pay raise in the future.

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Definitions:

Cognitive

Pertaining to mental processes such as thinking, reasoning, memory, and problem-solving.

Existential Therapies

A group of psychotherapies that focus on individual freedom, choice, and responsibility, encouraging self-exploration and finding meaning.

Failure Identity

The self-perception that one has the identity of a failure, often resulting from repeated setbacks or criticism.

Feelings of Worthlessness

Deeply negative self-evaluations that can be a symptom of depression, characterized by a profound sense of inadequacy and insignificance.