According to the Expectancy Theory, Which of the Following Is

question 94

Multiple Choice

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?

• A) Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.
• B) Managers promote instrumentality by ensuring that rewards are distributed to employees on the basis of their rank.
• C) Managers create low levels instrumentality when the distribution of outcomes available in an organization is performance-based.
• D) Managers create low levels of instrumentality when they link effort to performance.
• E) Managers promote low levels of instrumentality when they communicate to employees that high performance will lead to a pay raise in the future.

Distinguish between observed and expected counts in chi-square goodness-of-fit tests.

Calculate expected cell counts in two-way tables.

Comprehend the null hypothesis in chi-square tests for goodness-of-fit and tests of independence.

Calculate degrees of freedom in chi-square tests.

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Definitions:

Irish Immigrants

Individuals from Ireland who moved to another country, especially to the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries, often escaping famine and seeking better economic opportunities.

Religious Tolerance

Acceptance and allowance of different religious beliefs and practices, advocating for a peaceful coexistence among diverse religious communities.

British Merchants

Commercial traders from Britain, historically significant for their role in international trade and colonial expansion.

Refinement

Refinement refers to the process of improving something by making small changes, particularly in relation to manners, taste, or cultural practices, emphasizing elegance and sophistication.