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Discuss the two techniques used to counter groupthink and cognitive biases.
Standard Deviation
A measure of the dispersion or variability of a set of data points, indicating how spread out the values are from the mean of the data set.
Biased Estimates
Estimates that are systematically off-target in a certain direction due to errors in methodology or sample selection.
Absolute Value
The non-negative value of a number without regard to its sign; for example, the absolute value of both -5 and 5 is 5.
Variance
A statistical measure that represents the degree of spread or variability of a data set, by calculating the average of the squared differences from the mean.
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