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Two products are substitutes if:
One-Way Analysis
A statistical method for testing the effect of a single factor on a response variable by comparing mean values among groups.
P-Value
In statistical hypothesis testing, the p-value is the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
F Test
A statistical test used to determine if there are significant differences between the variances of two or more groups.
Mustang Population
Refers to the total number of Mustang horses (a type of free-roaming horse of the American west) existing within a specific area or globally.
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