The Extinction Vortex

question 48

Multiple Choice

The extinction vortex

• A)is what happens as a population decreases and becomes more vulnerable to extinction from a variety of causes.
• B)is what happens in certain areas,similar to the Bermuda Triangle situation.
• C)is what happens when competing species fight over a single niche,often driving both species to extinction.
• D)is a spiral of events that occur once a species has become overcrowded through excess reproduction.
• E)is a spiral of events that includes introduction of competing species,overexploitation,and disease,in that order.

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Definitions:

Significance Level

The significance level, also known as alpha, is a pre-determined threshold for statistical significance, used to decide whether an observed effect is not due to chance.

P-values

A numerical measure that helps in determining the significance of results obtained in statistical hypothesis testing, indicating the probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the ones observed during the test, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

Z-score

A numerical metric indicating how a value compares to the average of a set of values, shown by the number of standard deviations it is from the average.

P-value

The probability of observing a statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed value under the null hypothesis.