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Figure 8-9
The vertical distance between points A and C represents a tax in the market.
-Refer to Figure 8-9.The total surplus without the tax is
Mean
The arithmetic average of a set of numbers, calculated by summing them and dividing by the number of numbers.
Area
A quantity expressing the two-dimensional size or extent of a shape or surface, typically measured in square units.
Variance
A measure of dispersion in a set of data points, calculated by taking the average of the squared differences from the mean.
Standard Deviation
A statistic that quantifies the dispersion or variability of a dataset, measuring the average distance between each data point and the mean.
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