A Crash R&D Program by One Firm Cannot Replicate a Successful

question 108

Multiple Choice

A crash R&D program by one firm cannot replicate a successful technology developed by another firm,when research findings cumulate.This is an example of

• A) social complexity.
• B) physical uniqueness.
• C) path dependency.
• D) causal ambiguity.

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Definitions:

Reinforcement

A concept in behavioral psychology that involves the use of consequences to strengthen or increase the likelihood of a particular behavior, which can be positive (adding a desirable stimulus) or negative (removing an undesirable stimulus).

Expectancy

In psychology, it refers to the belief about the likelihood of achieving a desired outcome through specific actions.

Reinforcement Value

The subjective importance or appeal an outcome has for an individual, which can influence the likelihood of the person performing the behavior leading to that outcome.

Verbal Abusiveness

The use of words to cause harm to a person, including insults, criticisms, or threats, often resulting in psychological pain and distress.