Which Threat to Internal Validity Results from Changes Between Observations

question 47

Multiple Choice

Which threat to internal validity results from changes between observations in either the measuring instrument or the observer?

• A) History
• B) Maturation
• C) Testing
• D) Instrumentation
• E) Mortality

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Definitions:

Low-Grade Fever

A mild elevation in body temperature above the normal range, often indicative of an underlying infection or inflammation.

Surgical Unit

A specialized hospital department where surgical operations are carried out.

Framingham Study

A long-term, ongoing cardiovascular cohort study on residents of Framingham, Massachusetts, which has contributed significantly to knowledge about heart disease.

Commonly Accepted Practice

A method or procedure that is widely regarded as standard or conventional in a particular field or industry.