Figure 8-9
The vertical distance between points A and C represents a tax in the market. 
-Refer to Figure 8-9.The total surplus with the tax is
Definitions:
Volume Based
A pricing or cost method where charges are dependent on the quantity of units produced or handled.
Forward Buying
The practice of purchasing stock in larger quantities than normal in anticipation of price increases or demand spikes.
Excess Inventory
The surplus of stock that exceeds the demand, leading to increased holding costs and potential obsolescence.
Total Cost
The complete sum of all costs associated with the production or provision of goods or services, including fixed and variable costs.
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