What Is the Direction of Proton Backflow in the Chloroplast

question 23

Multiple Choice

What is the direction of proton backflow in the chloroplast F₁F_o ATP synthase?

• A) from stroma to cytoplasm
• B) from cytoplasm to stroma
• C) from lumen to stroma
• D) from stroma to lumen
• E) none of the above

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Definitions:

Absorption Costing

An accounting method that includes both variable and fixed manufacturing costs in the cost of a product, used for external reporting.

Unit Product Cost

The combined sum of fixed and variable expenses incurred in the creation of one unit of a product.

Absorption Costing

A costing method that includes all manufacturing costs - direct materials, direct labor, and both variable and fixed manufacturing overhead - in the cost of a product.

Total Gross Margin

The difference between the sales revenue and the cost of goods sold, indicating the total profitability from goods sold.