[Solved] What kind of reaction is the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate? A) anabolic B) anaplerotic C) carboxylation D) all of the above E) none of the above Hypothesis Testing: A method of statistical inference used to decide whether a data set provides significant evidence against a given hypothesis. Cognition: refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Learned Helplessness: A condition in which an individual learns to feel powerless and stops trying to change their situation, often a result of repeated failures or lack of control. Seligman's Model: Refers to the learned helplessness theory, proposing that individuals may learn to perceive themselves as powerless in situations of repeated failure or discomfort.