Most Bird Species That Form Flocks Show a Negative Relationship

question 4

Multiple Choice

Most bird species that form flocks show a negative relationship between flock size and individual vigilance (i.e. ,the larger the flock,the less often an individual lifts its head to scan the surrounding environment) .However,some bird species have shown a positive relationship between flock size and individual vigilance.The positive relationship is particularly strong when flocks are space-constrained,such as in small ponds or fields.What is the most likely explanation for this?

• A)As flock size increases,the number of "cheaters" increases,so individuals must spend more time scanning for predators.
• B)As flock size increases,the risk for interference and aggression between members increases,so individuals must scan for both conspecifics and predators.
• C)As flock size increases,the risk of predation for any given member increases,so individuals must spend more time scanning for predators.
• D)As flock size increases,mating opportunities decrease,so individuals must spend more time scanning for potential mates.

---

Definitions:

Represses Hostility

The act of unconsciously suppressing feelings of anger or aggression towards others.

Guilt

A feeling of responsibility or remorse for some offense, crime, wrong, either real or imagined.

Neurotic Needs

Ten irrational defenses against anxiety that become a permanent part of personality and that affect behavior.

Safety

The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.