The diagram below shows two budget deficit functions for a hypothetical economy. 
FIGURE 31-2
-Refer to Figure 31-2.Initially,suppose the economy is at point A on budget deficit function 
.Real GDP (Y) is $100 million.If the level of potential output (Y*) were $400 million,the structural budget deficit would be
Definitions:
Systems Approach
A method of problem solving or analysis that views problems as parts of an overall system, rather than focusing on individual components.
Scientific Management
A theory and practice of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, aiming to improve economic efficiency and labor productivity.
Frederick W. Taylor
A mechanical engineer from America who aimed to enhance productivity in the industrial sector and is recognized as the progenitor of scientific management.
Open Systems
A concept in organizational and system theories that describes entities which interact with their environments by exchanging resources, information, and energy.
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