Which of the Following Defense Mechanisms Is Used When People

question 113

Multiple Choice

Which of the following defense mechanisms is used when people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual,but threatening,reason for their behavior?

• A)Rationalization
• B)Reaction formation
• C)Projection
• D)Sublimation

Explain models of species coexistence and competition for resources in ecosystems.

Analyze the impact of species removal or addition on community structure and ecosystem services.

Identify the stages of ecological succession and the changes in species composition and diversity.

Distinguish between primary and secondary succession and understand the factors influencing their rates.

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Definitions:

Primary Reinforcement

A stimulus that satisfies a basic biological need, such as food or water, which naturally and inherently reinforces a behavior.

Secondary Reinforcement

An event that has developed its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcements.

Tertiary Reinforcement

A type of reinforcement that is not inherently rewarding but is associated with primary or secondary reinforcers, such as money for humans.

Computational Reinforcement

Involves the application of computational models and algorithms to understand or implement reinforcement learning processes.