For Each Independent Situation Given Below,determine the Effect on Pretax $\begin{array} { c c c } & \text { Independent Situations } && \text { Effect on Pretax Income } \\ \end{array}$

question 32

Short Answer

For each independent situation given below,determine the effect on pretax income for each.Enter "+" to indicate pretax income is overstated,"-" to indicate pretax income is understated,or "NA" to indicate that pretax income is not affected. $\begin{array} { c c c } & \text { Independent Situations } && \text { Effect on Pretax Income } \\ \end{array}$
$\begin{array} { c c c } &&&&&&&&&&&&&& \text { 2009 } && \text { 2010 } \\ \end{array}$
A. 2009 ending inventory is overstated.
B. 2009 ending inventory is understated.
C. 2010 ending inventory is overstated.
D. 2010 beginning inventory is overstated
E. 2009 beginning inventory is understated.
F. 2010 beginning inventory is understated and 2010 ending inventory is understated by the same amount.

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Definitions:

Vocal Babbling

The production of repetitive syllables and sounds by infants, which precedes the development of language skills.

Telegraphic Speech

The early language stage in children where sentences are constructed with only essential words and meaning, resembling telegraph messages.

Cross-Cultural

Relating to or involving two or more cultures, especially to compare differences and similarities.

Western Cultures

Refers to societies primarily found in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand characterized by democratic systems, individualism, and a historical influence of Christianity.