An Observation with Extreme Values in One or More Independent

question 40

Multiple Choice

An observation with extreme values in one or more independent variables (predictors) :

• A)has reduced influence on the estimated coefficients.
• B)has increased influence on the estimated coefficients.
• C)causes an overstated estimate of the standard error.
• D)leads to high correlations between the X's.

Explain the phenomena of extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and discrimination in classical conditioning.

Identify and understand the role of negative and positive reinforcers in shaping behavior.

Distinguish between different types of reinforcement schedules and their effects on behavior.

Realize the impact of conditioning studies on the field of behaviorism and psychological thought.

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Definitions:

Micro Expression

Brief, involuntary facial expressions that reveal true emotions, often occurring when a person is trying to conceal their feelings.

Involuntary Expression

Unconscious facial or bodily movements that convey emotions or reactions, not controlled voluntarily.

James-Lange Theory

A theory of emotion proposing that emotions result from the perception of bodily reactions to stimuli, implying that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.

Autonomic Changes

Adjustments in the autonomic nervous system that regulate bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.