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(I) Restrictive covenants often limit the amount of dividends that firms can pay the stockholders.
(II) Most corporate indentures include a call provision,which states that the issuer has the right to force the holder to sell the bond back.
Direct Labour Rate
The wage rate paid to employees directly involved in manufacturing goods or providing services, excluding indirect costs such as benefits and overtime.
Process Costing
A costing method used where production is continuous, and the costs are allocated over units of output equally, making it suitable for industries like manufacturing and chemicals.
Hybrid Costing
A costing method that combines elements of both job costing and process costing, typically used in manufacturing products that have some common characteristics and some unique features.
Upstream Costs
Expenses incurred in the preliminary stages of the product development cycle, such as research and development or raw material extraction.
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