After Controlling for Z, the Partial Correlation Coefficient Between X

question 4

Multiple Choice

After controlling for Z, the partial correlation coefficient between X and Y is the same value as the bivariate Pearson's r. This pattern would be taken as evidence of________.

• A) a direct relationship between X and Y.
• B) a spurious relationship between X and Z.
• C) interaction between X, Y, and Z.
• D) an intervening relationship between X and Y, interaction between X and Z.

---

Definitions:

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, critical for producing gametes in sexually reproducing organisms.

Testes

The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and hormones, including testosterone.

Genetic Heritage

The genetic information and traits passed down from one's ancestors, influencing various aspects of an individual's physical and possibly behavioral characteristics.

Genotype

is the genetic makeup of an organism that determines its characteristics, including both visible traits and traits that are not visible.