A Problem with Both Cramer's V and Phi Is That

question 8

Multiple Choice

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00________.

• A) are very rare
• B) are mathematically impossible.
• C) can actually indicate negative relationships.
• D) can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

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Definitions:

Expectancy

The probability that the amount of work effort invested by an individual will result in a high level of performance.

Instrumentality

The probability that good performance will lead to various work outcomes.

Difficult Goals

Targets or objectives that are challenging to achieve due to their complexity, high standards, or the significant efforts required.

Specific Goals

Clearly defined objectives that are quantifiable and time-bound, providing clear direction for effort and focus.