Calculate the Minimum Concentration of Cr³⁺ That Must Be Added

question 114

Multiple Choice

Calculate the minimum concentration of Cr³⁺ that must be added to 0.095 M NaF in order to initiate a precipitate of chromium(III) fluoride. (For CrF₃ , K_sp = 6.6 * 10^-11.)

• A) 0.023 M
• B) 0.032 M
• C) 7.7 * 10^-8 M
• D) 2.9 * 10^-9 M
• E) 6.9 * 10^-10 M

---

Definitions:

Competitive Elections

Electoral contests where multiple candidates or parties have a realistic chance of winning, allowing for genuine political competition.

Political Participation

The ways in which individuals engage in activities aimed at influencing government policy or decision making.

Democratic Republic

A form of government where ultimate authority and power rests with the people, and the government is run through elected representatives.

Direct Democracy

A form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly, without intermediaries or representatives.