Which of the Following Characterizes a Formal Problem

question 4

Multiple Choice

Which of the following characterizes a formal problem?

• A) a goal or answer
• B) a set of given information
• C) a set of operations that can be used to arrive at the desired answer from the given information
• D) all of the above

---

Definitions:

Conditioned Responses

Learned reactions or responses to previously neutral stimuli that have been associated with a significant event, like Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell.

Irrational Thinking

Cognitive processes that are not based on logic or rationality, often leading to erroneous conclusions or actions.

Aversive Conditioning

A behavioral training method that uses negative stimuli to reduce or eliminate unwanted behaviors.

Exposure Therapy

A psychological treatment method that reduces fear and anxiety responses by gradually and repeatedly exposing individuals to feared objects or situations.