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Under the arrangement that exists in countries like Hong Kong,the currency board can issue additional domestic notes and coins even if there are no foreign exchange reserves to back it.
CS
stands for Conditioned Stimulus, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Higher-Order Conditioning
The phenomenon that a stimulus (CS2) can elicit a conditioned response (CR) even without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) if the CS2 is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS1).
Counterconditioning
The elimination of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is paired with an opponent or antagonistic unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus Substitution
A theory in classical conditioning suggesting that a conditioned stimulus acts as a substitute for an unconditioned stimulus, eliciting a similar response.
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