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Given the following data,calculate the Mann-Whitney statistic U for the stream draining the boreal forest.
Primary Reinforcers
Innate reinforcing qualities such as food, water, and relief from pain, which fulfill basic biological needs and do not require learning to be effective.
Unlearned Reinforcer
An unlearned reinforcer, also known as a primary reinforcer, is a stimulus that naturally and intrinsically provides reinforcement or a favorable outcome without the need for learning.
Primary Reinforcer
A primary reinforcer is a stimulus that satisfies basic survival needs without prior learning; examples include food, water, and shelter.
Conditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
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