Since Observational Independent Variables Will Always Be Confounded with All

question 103

Multiple Choice

Since observational independent variables will always be confounded with all other variables that are naturally related to them,_____ are typically not possible when an observational strategy is used.

• A)experimental manipulations
• B)correlated observations
• C)statistical analyses
• D)causal inferences

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Definitions:

Independent Samples T-Test

A statistical test used to compare the means of two independent groups under the assumption that both follow a normal distribution.

Normally Distributed Populations

Populations where the distribution of data points forms a bell-shaped curve, characterized by two parameters: the mean and the standard deviation.

Population Variances

A measure of the degree to which numerical data in a population are spread out, representing the average of the squared differences from the Population Mean.

Chi-Square Statistic

A measure used in statistics to evaluate the goodness of fit between observed values and those expected theoretically.