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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective in treating depression because it helps people to forget depressing memories.
Non-directional Alternative Hypothesis
A hypothesis that predicts a change in the dependent variable but does not specify the direction of the change.
Non-directional Null Hypothesis
A hypothesis that specifies no expected direction of the observed effect, stating simply that there is no association between the variables under investigation.
Directional Null Hypothesis
A specific type of null hypothesis that posits no predicted direction of the effect or association between variables.
Directional Alternative Hypothesis
A hypothesis that specifies the direction of the expected difference or relationship between variables (e.g., greater than, less than).
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