What Role, If Any, Does Stress Seem to Play in the Development

question 99

Multiple Choice

What role, if any, does stress seem to play in the development of cancer?

• A) Stress seems to increase people's resistance to cancer.
• B) Stress seems to make people more vulnerable to cancer by weakening the immune system.
• C) Stress seems to directly cause cell abnormalities and the onset of cancer.
• D) Stress decreases heart rate and therefore blood flow to injured organs.

---

Definitions:

Pessimist

An individual who tends to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen; a negative outlook on life.

Learned Helplessness

A condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed, characterized by low motivation and depression.

Control-Failure Lifestyle

Refers to a pattern of living marked by a perceived inability to exert control over one’s environment or personal decisions, leading to chronic feelings of helplessness.

Infancy

The early stage of growth and development in humans, typically the period from birth to one year old, characterized by rapid physical and mental development.