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State whether each of the following is taxable or nontaxable.
a.Susan won a jackpot of $50,000 gambling at a casino.
b.Sarah received a Christmas ham from her employer.
c.Jonathan won a car in a supermarket raffle valued at $25,000.
d.Gary received a scholarship for tuition of $5,000 a year.
e.Eric is given lodging valued at $1,000 a month on the oil rig where he is employed since it is impossible for Eric to go home during the period of time he is assigned to work on the rig.
Hyperpolarization
An increase in a cell's membrane potential, making it more negative inside compared to the outside and further from the threshold that causes action potentials.
Absolute Refractory Period
A period immediately following the stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation.
Second Messenger System
A method of cellular signaling where the signal from a first messenger is transferred to a secondary molecule inside the cell to elicit a physiological change.
Protein Kinase
An enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them, thereby altering their function.
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