Retinopathy,neuropathy,microvascular,and Macrovascular Changes Are All Chronic Complications of Both Type $\beta$

question 5

Multiple Choice

Retinopathy,neuropathy,microvascular,and macrovascular changes are all chronic complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.One theory as to the cause of these chronic problems is the elevation of advance glycation end (AGE) products.These AGE products consist of:

• A) glucose transporter proteins that promote the uptake of glucose from the lumen of the small bowel.
• B) hemoglobin that has a glucose attached to the N-terminal valine residue of either \(\beta\)-chain of hemoglobin A.
• C) proteins that have been irreversibly modified by nonenzymatic attachment of glucose.
• D) glycated genes that contribute to the development of diabetes and the formation of diabetogenes.

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