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Which of the following is a necessary characteristic of a ligand?
Conditioned Response (CR)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
Omitted
Left out or excluded, either deliberately or unintentionally.
Permanent Change
An alteration or modification that is lasting and not reversible.
Learning
A process that involves acquiring knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences through study, experience, or teaching.
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