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If market signals result in pollution beyond the optimal level, then
Expected Value
The weighted average of all possible values of a random variable, taking into account their probabilities of occurrence.
Independent
Not influenced or controlled by others in terms of opinions or actions; in statistics, variables not affected by any other variables.
Standard Deviation
A measure of the dispersion or variability of a set of values, indicating how spread out the values are from the mean.
Standard Deviation
A statistical measure that quantifies the dispersion or variability of a data set around its mean, indicating how spread out the data points are.
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