A Ruby Laser Delivers a 2

question 30

Multiple Choice

A ruby laser delivers a 2.28-J pulse in approximately 50 nanoseconds.The wavelength of the light is 694.4 nm.At least how many atoms within the ruby rod had to be excited to allow this high-energy laser pulse? (h = 6.63 × 10−³⁴ J⋅s,c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s,1 eV = 1.6 × 10−¹⁹ J,and 1 nm = 10−⁹ m)

• A) 3 × 10¹⁹
• B) 4 × 10¹⁸
• C) 8 × 10¹⁸
• D) 6 × 10²⁰

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Definitions:

Deontological Theory

A moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of duty and the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions, regardless of the consequences.

Moral Worth

The value of actions or principles based on their ethical soundness or righteousness.

Functionalist Approach

A perspective in sociology and anthropology that interprets society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society.

Restorative Justice

A system of criminal justice that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community.