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If a firm uses the residual dividend model to set dividend policy,then dividends are determined as a residual after providing for the equity required to fund the capital budget.Under this model,the higher the firm's debt ratio,the lower its payout ratio will be,other things held constant.
Labour Rate Variance
The difference between the actual cost of direct labor and the estimated cost based on the standard labor rate.
Standard Labour Hours
The calculated amount of labor hours predetermined to be necessary for completing a specific task or producing a certain quantity of goods.
Actual Hours Worked
The real number of hours an employee or workforce spends performing tasks during a specific period, as opposed to scheduled or standard hours.
Materials Price Variance
The difference between the actual cost of materials used in production and the standard (expected) cost.
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