Some Molecules Are Able to Stabilize a Negative Charge by Passing

question 38

Multiple Choice

Some molecules are able to stabilize a negative charge by passing it from one atom to the next by a flip-flopping of double bonds. This occurs when the negative charge is one atom away from an oxygen double bond as follows. Note that the curved arrows indicate the movement of electrons: Why then is sulfuric acid so much stronger an acid than carbonic acid?

• A)In sulfuric acid, the negative charge is able to flip-flop to two additional oxygens rather than only one as is the case for carbonic acid.
• B)The two double bonded oxygens in tend to destabilize the single bonded oxygens once the hydrogen ions form, thus making sulfuric acid more acidic.
• C)Since carbonic acid has resonance stabilization and sulfuric acid does not, sulfuric acid is less stable and more acidic.
• D)The acid strength of two comparative molecules is directly proportional to the number of number of oxygens directly bonded to the central atom. Sulfuric acid, having four such oxygens, is more acidic.

Understand the implications of hypothesis testing on policy and decision making.

Critically evaluate the effectiveness of new programs or strategies based on statistical evidence.

Apply critical thinking to assess the validity of statistical claims in research.

Demonstrate an understanding of the role of sample size and variability in hypothesis testing.

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Definitions:

Null Hypothesis

In statistical analysis, the hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference, and any observed difference is due to sampling or experimental error.

Independent Variable

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Research Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between at least two variables in a population, based on theory or previous research.

Independent Variable

A variable that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable.