A Laser Emits a 5

question 10

Multiple Choice

A laser emits a 5.0 × 10³-J pulse of light that has a wavelength of 480 nm. Determine the number of photons in the pulse.

• A)5.2 × 10¹⁶
• B)2.5 × 10¹⁹
• C)1.2 × 10²²
• D)3.1 × 10²²
• E)8.1 × 10²⁴

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Definitions:

Reinforcement Effect

The strengthening of a behavior due to the application of a stimulus or reward following that behavior.

Quantity of Reinforcement

The amount of reinforcement provided or required to modify or sustain a behavior.

Bolles

Bolles typically references Robert C. Bolles, a psychologist known for his research in learning, motivation, and fear. He proposed the theory of Species-Specific Defense Reactions (SSDRs), explaining how organisms respond to threatening stimuli.

Little Albert

Refers to a famous psychological experiment by John Watson, demonstrating how phobias can be conditioned in humans.